Christian Counseling for Children

Introduction A child may simply be described as a person who has not attained the age of majority; however, the age limit for one to become a major differs depending on the location. In most cases, minors fall under the age of eighteen in most countries, thus children are generally humans in this age bracket.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Christian Counseling for Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children normally go through different issues in their life, thus it is important to take them through counseling in order to allow them lead an easy life as they head to the age of the majority. The issues children go through may be either severe or simple, but none should be neglected. They should be taken through counseling regularly to enable them be open whenever they have problems and to avoid instances of buildup of negative conditions to a position that may be hard to reverse. Christian counsel ing for children strives to facilitate the building of a healthy and loving family for children by basing their teachings on the bible and being deeply rooted to the Christian principles. This is because the family is the foundation of the society and every person in the family may be going through different and difficult challenges. Children may suffer in a family as result of trouble in marriage, death of a parent, relocation of the family or many other issues requiring the attention of a counselor. The primary counselor to any child is the parent. Therefore, the parent should first be equipped with Christian values in order to be able to deliver to the child. They should first be role models to the children and they should counsel them regularly. Apart from the parent, the church and the learning institutions play a very important role in taking the children through Christian counseling. These institutions should have professional Christian counselors who can understand the child ren easily and facilitate a free and open environment where children can share their entire problem without fear. Nevertheless, the parent and the institutional counselors should stay close to the children in order to take the required action in case a child is going through an acute problem. Raising children in a Christian manner When Christian parents are raising their children, it is very important to base their endeavors in the word of God. The best example of a role model in the bible to children is Jesus Christ. In Luke 2:52, we are told that, he â€Å"grew in wisdom and stature, in favor with God and man† (Bible gateway, 2010). It is the duty of every parent to ensure that he introduces his children in church early enough in order to be taken through Christian teaching because this is the only place the child can imitate the lifestyle of Jesus Christ. Jesus parents, Mary and Joseph were God-fearing people and they took Jesus to the house of God early enough and this is where he learnt to live a Godly life. Though Jesus was the son of God, his lifestyle was quite a good example to the children and the parents who are after Christian parenting.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The bible says in the book of proverbs that parents should not keep the whip down or should not stop disciplining their children until they are responsible over their lives. This is a good direction for the parents, showing that it is Godly to correct children when they do wrong. However, staying with the whip does not mean that children should be beaten over each and every mistake they make, rather, it means that the parents should not watch over their children doing wrong without cautioning them. Parents should watch over their children keenly, love them, and ensure that they do the right thing at the right time. Furthermore, it is only important for the pare nts to do their part while allowing God to do the rest through prayers. This is possible through showing children the importance of Christian teachings right from church, home and even in the society in general (Bible gateway, 2010). Children grow in stages and parents should understand each stage and the kind of counseling required as at that stage. For instance, the way a parent should handle kids below the age of twelve should be different from that of teenagers as well as for the young adults in their early twenties. Nevertheless, each stage needs attention and counseling because it is associated with its own challenges. Right from the beginning when the child is young, a Christian parent should facilitate creativity instead of passive consumption. The parents should allow children to come up with something out of some materials provided, instead of providing readymade items. For instance, giving them space to create their own items by offering them items such as paint and paper , empty crates, mud, nails, lumber etc instead of buying them fancy playhouses in the departmental stores. Still, it is important to introduce the issue of the real world to the children right from the beginning in order for them to understand what is happening around the world. This is because it has been noted that the reason as to why many young adults are unable to change the world is that they know nothing about the world (Sinclair Stewart, 1992, pg 12). Children do not remain young forever, but a time comes when they are teenagers, when they can see the reality of life. Parents should cultivate openness with their children right from childhood so that when they enter in to the teenage stage, it can be easy to reason together with them and help them to understand why things have to be the way they are. The teenage stage is associated with a lot of peer pressure whereby they start comparing their families with those of their friends and may question most of the things they used to adopt easily in the past. At this stage, it becomes very challenging for the teens to balance between their subcultures and that of the church.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Christian Counseling for Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, the parent should ensure that there is sufficient communication with the teens to make them understand what it means to be a Christian in the world, and to prevent them from peer influence (Sinclair Stewart, 1992, pg 17). How to keep a close relationship with the children Naturally, parents have a passionate love for their children, which is important and every kid deserves to have parental love. However, parents should be careful on how they express love to their children to ensure that they give them unlimited love while ensuring that they do not overprotect, overindulge, or over control the kids because this is unhealthy (Clinton Sibcy, 2006) . In the book of Romans, the bible says that there is no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus, as they are saved from the sufferings emanating from the sins they committed, more given that every person is a sinner and it is only through repentance that such sins are forgiven. This verse helps the parent to understand that everyone is prone to mistakes and they can be guilty at one point or the other of how they handle their children by wondering whether they are doing it the right way or not. As the parents relate with their kids, it is important to ask God for guidance by telling him where they need help and relying upon His mercies and grace. They should also pray for your children to lead a Godly life and to change in case they are leading a life that is not worthy. In addition, they should reflect on issues in their life that may be making them express love to their kids in unhealthy way and allow God to shape the lives of their kids (Clinton Sibcy, 2006). Parents shou ld avoid overprotecting their children; however, they should allow them to be accountable and responsible over the consequences of their decisions. Often, kids should be left to take care of the tasks they can do, and help with house chores regularly. In addition, parents should not lie about anything to their kids but should encourage them to learn through real-life challenges, solving problems arising from their own issues and learning from disappointments. Parents should give their children enough freedom while constantly praying for them and asking God for wisdom. Moreover, children should be taught that there is joy from the grace of God, and they should be encouraged to learn the spiritual lessons of the situations they may be going through (Clinton Sibcy, 2006). Parents should neither give-in easily to what their kids want, nor should they bribe them to cooperate with them; they should always teach them the value of hard work and teach them to obtain their wants on their own . Kids should know that its good to have wants but a person must not acquire everything he wants. In addition, parents should keenly supervise their kids while maintaining healthy boundaries and ensure that they only praise them when they have worked for it.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will motivate the kids to word hard and will avoid overindulging them. When making decisions, parents should not only consider what their kids want, but also their own feelings in order to know what and when to compromise. The children should be taught that gifts are privileges but not entitlements, thus they should appreciate whenever they receive as gift (Clinton Sibcy, 2006). Most parents are used to acting so formally to their children by constantly lecturing, critiquing, or pushing them. Handling children this way, prevents them from expressing themselves fully to the parents and it may be hard for the parent to know when his children are going through difficulties or stress. Parents should regularly spend ample time with their children playing and enjoying life while giving them opportunities to explore their own interests in order to merge the distance that may be between them. Furthermore, parents should ask God to nurture their relationship with their children, which will lead to effective and free communication. They should always assure the kids that their love for them is unconditional and should not withhold their love for them when they do wrong. As parents give their children unlimited love, it is always important to put in place boundaries between them and the child. Boundaries direct the guardian to understand the right time to accept or reject the actions or words of a child in order to hold the child to take control of his/her life as he/she grows up. This is because children are born without boundaries and if a parent fails to teach them, then they develop the attitude of looking at what parents do for them as their rights or entitlements rather than privileges. However, boundaries should not limit the love of a parent to children but only help to teach the child have good character. This ensures that the child is motivated to live a long righteous life before God and people (Cloud, Townsend Guest, 1998). Why children need counseling Children go through different challenges in life, which require them to be guided through in order to make the right decisions in life. Some people think that childhood is an easy and carefree lifestyle, but children do go through challenges and may have stress at one point or the other in their life. For instance, during times such as divorce, relocation, death in a family, among others, the child goes through times of confusion that require the attention of a counselor. In this case, Christian counseling plays the most vital role in helping children overcome such issues while basing the idea from the word of God. When a child goes through major changes, he/she needs time to adjust with the support of the parents and the family in general. Such changes may include parents divorce, death in a family, among other things. The changes may at times be too sudden or severe, thus putting the child in a position that requires the attention of a qualified psychotherapist to try and sort ou t the problem. In some cases, some children may find it difficult to share their problems with their parents, relatives or friends because they want to keep the issue as a secret or they may be embarrassed of the situation. In other cases, children may display their problems or stress by acting in manners that cause problems like being violent, being too quiet or withdrawing. In such situations, it is important to involve professional counselors, as they are able to create ample environment that enables the child to share freely without fear (Karuppaswarmy Fall, 2010). There are several reasons that trigger the need for professional counseling for children, some of which are discussed below. The parents or the guardians should keep watch over their children by staying close to them in order to be able to differentiate between the times the child is behaving normally and when he/she is behaving abnormally. This is possible by showing the child love while maintaining the required bou ndaries without overprotecting, overindulging, or over controlling. Some of the signs that may require the attention of a professional counselor may include the following. A kid may display long periods of sadness, whereby attempts to distract the sadness or to make him/her happy do not yield results. In most cases, children do not talk about being sad but they may be acting in a way suggesting that they are sad. For instance, the kid may be crying over small and big issues for long periods without being able to stop. This is a sign that there is something that is wrong with the child that needs to be sorted out (Karuppaswarmy Fall, 2010). When the child is not able to move from a past event, it may be a sign that the child requires a little more attention. When a negative scenario takes place and affects the life of a child, it is understandable if the child talks about it for a while immediately it takes place. However, if the child persists on remembering past events, then the g uardian should take the required measures to help the child go through that without so much effect in his/her life. For instance, the child may keep on talking about issue that took place along time ago e.g. Separation of the parent, death of a loved one like a parent or a sibling, a better lifestyle they had in the past, a place they relocated from among others. The child should be provided with an opportunity to avoid thinking about the past occurrences or events and always think about the present situation or future prospects. If such scenarios persist, it is important to take the child through professional Christian counseling to ensure that he/she faces the reality and forgets about the past (Karuppaswarmy Fall, 2010). Withdrawn behavior is another sign that a child is going through a stressing moment, which he/she may not be able to express verbally. This is evident when the child does not show interest in playing with other children or getting involved in taking part in acti vities that involve many people. The children may seem not to enjoy anything they may be doing, they do not laugh, joke or relax, while in some cases, they seem to stay alone all the time and rarely talk to the other children or the adults (Karuppaswarmy Fall, 2010). If a child was used to saying goodbye to the parents every time before they parted and then changes suddenly, there may be a problem that needs urgent attention. This is evident when a child suddenly changes and starts finding it difficult to saying goodbye, parting with the parent or he/she want to be with the parent all the time. The child may refuse to go to school, and if he/she is in a boarding school; he/she may demand to be taken to a day school or may have problems with the parents going for work. And if they have to part, the child keeps asking about the parent many times as the day goes-by or before they meet again. In addition, if they are staying far apart, the child may fake reasons of going to see the par ent. In other cases, the child may have problems concentrating in class or in any other activity, he/she may be undertaking. The child seems to forget easily or to get distracted from the jobs assigned to them. Their class performance may deteriorate drastically; they may be unable to complete class work and may not be able to follow instructions well. There are times when the child may break from the routine behavior and seem to demonstrate some uncommon practices; for example a child may go back to his/her younger behavior like soiling him/herself, whereas he/she has been toilet trained, sucking the thumb finger, or wanting to be carried whereas they can walk. At times, it gets difficult to predict what and when a child may do something. A child may start oversleeping or may have problems in sleep coupled with nightmares. She may also have problems with eating or start overfeeding. When children change their normal routine, then it is evident that there may be something wrong happ ening in their lives that is far beyond their ability to manage. Conclusion Children are gifts from God and may at times be a challenge to their parents. In Corinthians 12:21, the bible encourages the parents to live with them as they are, as they help them through life through counseling. Raising children in Christian manner is equally not easy in the secular world today. However, the bible says in the book of proverbs 22:6 that ‘Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it’ (Bible gateway, 2010). A Christian parent has the ability to ensure that children are not overwhelmed by the pleasures of the world but have grown in faith. This is only possible through God, without ever ceasing to read the word of God and being a good example to them (Csahm, 2010). References Bible Gateway. (2010). New International Version. Web. Clinton, T. Sibcy, G. (2006). Loving Your Child Too Much: How to Keep a Close Relationship with Your Child without Overindulging, Overprotecting, or over controlling. Integrity publishers. Web. Cloud, H., Townsend, J. Guest, L. (1998). Boundaries with kids: When to Say Yes, When to Say No to Help Your Children Gain Control of Their Lives. CA: Zondervan. Csahm. (2010). Challenges of Raising Christian Children. Web. Karuppaswarmy, N. Fall, J. (2010). Does the Child Need Counseling? Web. Sinclair, D. Stewart, Y. (1992). Christian parenting: raising children in the real world. Ontario: Westminster. This research paper on Christian Counseling for Children was written and submitted by user Callen Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Black Boy essays

Black Boy essays Black Boy, Richard Wright's autobiography, covers his childhood and early adulthood. It opens with four-year-old Richard's rebellion against authority. At the time, Richard was restless and resentful of his mother's demand of silence. Richard accidentally burned down his grandparents' house in his attempt to find something to occupy his time. After his mother determined that he was unharmed, she beat him so badly he lost consciousness. When Richard and his brother were very young, Nathan Wright, their father, abandoned the family, plunging them into poverty. Richard's constant hunger made him extremely bitter toward his absent father. Over the next few years, Ella, Richard's mother, would try very hard to feed, clothe, and shelter her children. Her long hours of work often meant leaving her children with little supervision. When Richard was six years old, he began begging drinks in a nearby saloon where the customers plied him with nickels if he would repeat various curse words and offensive phrases. When beatings did little in breaking her sons growing obsession with alcohol, Ella got the babysitting services of an older black woman in the neighborhood. Ella moved in with her sister, Maggie, and Maggie's husband, Silas Hoskins. Hoskins was the owner of a successful saloon, so there was always more than enough food to eat. Nevertheless, Richard was unable to lose the fear that his hunger would return anew, so he hoarded food all over the house. Unfortunately, the newfound stability did not last . The local whites were jealous of Hoskins's profitable business, so they murdered him and threatened to kill the rest of his family. Maggie and Ella fled with the two boys to live in another town. Maggie and Ella's combined wages proved adequate to feed and clothe Richard and his brother, but Maggie became involved with "Professor" Matthews, a wanted man. Ella and the children fled to the North after Matthews killed a white woman; Ella...

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Flow of a Free Air Jet Laboratory Exercise

Flow of a Free Air Jet Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the structure of a free air jet and how its velocity is distributed during interaction with its surroundings Summary Air jets have provided the basis for jet propulsion mechanisms, commonly used to provide movement in jet engines, spacecraft and even particular marine animals. In aviation, it is important to measure an aircrafts velocity, altitude and Mach number in order to monitor performance and determine areas of improvement. In this experiment, a pitot-static tube system was set up along the axis of a free air jet, and the local velocity of the air jet was calculated and recorded using measurements from an inclined manometer as the pitot-tube was displaced in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The experimental and theoretical results highlighted the same trends, confirming the expectation that as decreased (due to increased displacement), local velocity, , also decreased. A divergence angle of 10.1ÂÂ ° was calculated, and the volume flow rate varied between 0.0149 m3s-1 and 0.049 m3s-1. Introduction An air jet is a nozzle or tube from which a directed pressurised jet of air is emitted. (1) These have provided the basis for jet propulsion producing a thrust in the opposite direction of the jet as demonstrated through Newtons third law. Airs jets are commonly used to provide movement in jet engines and spacecraft, and even certain marine animals have evolved to rely on jet propulsion mechanisms. (2) There are two main types of jet; impinging and free. While an impinging jet is directed towards a surface, this experiment is concerned with the interactions of a free, submerged air jet, where the jet is discharged into an ambient fluid of similar physical properties. (3) A pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. (4) This is done by converting the kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy (5). Pitot-static systems, consisting of a pitot tube, a static port and the necessary measuring instruments (6), are often used in aviation to determine an aircrafts velocity, altitude and Mach number, as well as having nautical applications in the calculation of boat and vessel speeds. (7) Theory 3.1 Velocity A pitot static tube measures two separate pressures: the stagnation pressure,, and the static pressure, (8) Bernoullis equation states that the total stagnation pressure is equal to the sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure, . The dynamic pressure is proportional to the density of the concerned medium, , and the square of the local velocity, v, such that: (equation 1) If the pressure difference between the stagnation pressure and static pressure is applied to alter the water level of a manometer, equilibrium is achieved when: (equation 2) Therefore, by combining equation 1 and equation 2, and assuming = 1.225 kgm-3 and = 1000 kgm-3, the local velocity in ms-1 can then be calculated through the relationship: (equation 3) 3.2 Flow Rate The volume flow rate leaving the nozzle of a circular air jet, can be considered equal to exit velocity, , multiplied by nozzle surface area, A. (9) This relationship is represented through the equation: (equation 4) Beyond the nozzle exit, the velocity cannot be considered constant at all vertical points in the jet; therefore, it is necessary to integrate to find the volume flow rate. The expanded profile of the air jet can be considered circular, consisting of a series of annuli areas containing an air flow rate equal to for each respective measured value of velocity and calculated area. This is represented visually in figure 1 below. Recalling the area of an annulus as, where is the radius along the mid-point of the annulus, and considering the asymmetrical profile of the final jet requires separate measurements in each hemisphere, the total volume flow rate can be calculated through: (equation 5) Here, is the local velocity at the required radius and is the area of half an annulus, where is the radius at which the velocity was measured. Method Apparatus Nozzle of diameter 30mm, to create the uniform circular jet of air to be measured. Pitot-static tube system, consisting of a pitot-tube, static tube and axial scales,to collect the air from the nozzle and carry it to the manometer. Manometer, inclined at an angle, ÃŽÂ ¸, which holds the liquid and allows for its movement depending on the pressure apparent from the pitot-static tube system. A zero, to locate the starting point at which measurements of the fluid distance along the manometer will be taken from. A ruler, to manually measure the distance travelled by the liquid along the manometer, . Procedure The zero was adjusted along the manometer to indicate the point at which further measurements with the ruler would be taken from and the pitot-static tube was moved along the apparatus to the origin, at the centre of the nozzle, where the coordinates corresponded to (0, 0). The air jet was turned on and, after allowing sufficient time to warm up, the distance the liquid had moved along the manometer, was measured, using the ruler, and recorded. The tube was then moved along the centreline across a series of predetermined distances away from the air jet (see Appendix A) up to 500mm the point (500,0) and was again measured and recorded at each interval. The pitot-static tube was then returned to sit 60mm away from the air jet and lowered to a vertical height of -28mm from the origin where was again measured and recorded. Maintaining an axial distance of 60mm, the pitot-static tube was then raised in increments of 4mm up to a maximum height of 28mm and the distance, , measured for each step. This experiment was then repeated at axial distances of 180mm and 300mm, through ranges of -50mm to 50mm and -60mm to 60mm respectively, using increments of 5mm in both. Results 5.1 Velocity Profiles The recorded distances,, for the three vertical experiments, were then converted into vertical distances, h; in this experiment, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 13ÂÂ °. The velocities at each height were then calculated using equation 3 and graphs of velocity against height for all three axial distances were drawn as shown in figures 3a, 3b and 3c below. 5.2 Plan View The divergence angle can be calculated by forming a triangle between the edge of the jet and a line perpendicular to the nozzle boundary; see figure 4. For this experiment: 5.3 Centreline Velocity Distribution The recorded distances, , for the centreline experiment were converted into vertical distances, h, using ÃŽÂ ¸ = 13ÂÂ °. The axial distance, x, was then divided by the nozzle diameter, D = 30mm, and a graph of velocity against was plotted, as seen below in figure 5. 5.4 Volume Flow Rate Assuming is constant at the edge of the nozzle, the exit volume flow rate can be calculated through equation 4: m3s-1 Beyond the nozzle exit, values for, the annulus width, and , the outer radius, were required to calculate volume flow rate. The values for were 4mm at an axial distance of 60mm, and 5mm at axial distances of 180mm and 300mm, and values for corresponded to the radial distances; these can be found in Appendices B, C and D. Using equation 5, the volume flow rates were found at x = 2D, x = 6D and x = 10D respectively, and the results displayed through table 1. Axial Distance (mm) Volume Flow Rate (m3s-1) 60 0.01925 180 0.034475 300 0.048705 A graph of volume flow rate against axial distance was then plotted for comparison; see figure 6 below. 6.1 Structure of the Air Jet An air jet is comprised of three important regions: the core, the mixing region and the edge or boundary. Within the core, the velocity does not vary significantly from the nozzle exit speed. From the measurements in this experiment, this region exists up to around 180mm along the centreline (see figure 5). Outside of the core, illustrated in figure 4, the mixing region is encountered. Throughout this region, the local velocity,, is less than the exit velocity, , due to the reaction of the air jet with the ambient fluid. The edge or boundary of the jet represents the radial distance at which the local velocity is equal to zero at each centreline distance. The edge of the jet increases linearly at a rate dependent on the divergence angle, measured to be 10.1ÂÂ ° in this experiment. This is similar to the universal value for the divergence of a jet of 11.8ÂÂ °, which is independent of nozzle diameter, discharge speed or the medium involved. (10) 6.2 Diameter of the Air Jet From the plan view illustrated in figure 4, it can clearly be seen that the air jet spreads out as axial distance increases. This occurs as a consequence of the significant velocity difference between the jet and the ambient fluid, which creates a highly unstable shear layer at the edge of the jet. This shear layer is subject to large variance in local velocities, generating strong turbulent fluctuations which subsequently entrain the ambient fluid into the path of the jet, increasing the mixing of the two fluids. As a consequence of both the turbulent fluctuations and the entrainment of the ambient fluid, the shear layer continues to be pushed outwards as the jet flows downstream. (11) 6.3 Centreline Volume Distribution Figure 5, above, clearly illustrates that up to a value of = 6, the velocity along the centreline varies very little, with a range of 0.833 ms-1. This region is known as the core, where. The only source of momentum when the jet exits the nozzle is from the jet itself, as the surrounding fluid is at rest. The absence of external forces acting on the jet suggests that the centreline velocity will remain constant as distance increases. (11) Beyond an axial distance of 180mm, the velocity follows an inversely proportional relationship with distance, decreasing at a rate of (where k is an unknown constant). This occurs when the core of the jet interacts with entrained ambient fluid caused by significant velocity fluctuations at the edge of the jet, decreasing the velocity of the fluid as discussed in section 5.2. Due to the interaction between two different fluid flows, the region in which this occurs is referred to as the mixing region. 6.4 Volume Flow Rate Figure 6 suggests that volume flow rate increases linearly with axial distance, rising from 0.015m3s-1 at the nozzle exit to 0.049m3s-1 at an axial distance of 300mm. From section 4.4, it is known that the volume flow rate is a function of the jet area and local velocities across the diameter. Due to conservation of momentum, it is expected that as the area increases, the velocity decreases such that the volume flow rate remains constant across all axial distances. However, the increase in volumetric flow is a result of entrainment of the stationary surrounding fluid. The turbulent flow caused by the velocity fluctuations in the shear layers contributes to an increased local velocity across the diameter of the jet, increasing volume flow rate. 6.5 Experimental Errors and Uncertainties Although this experiment has successfully demonstrated the characteristics of a free air jet as highlighted in this discussion section, numerous errors and uncertainties were still encountered throughout the experiment which could have had a potentially significant effect on the results obtained. One of the most common sources of uncertainty was the use of a ruler to measure the distance of the fluid along the manometer. This combined human error, due to the estimation of both the zero position and the final position of the fluid meniscus with systematic error, as a consequence of the ruler measuring with an uncertainty of ÂÂ ±1mm and therefore, accurate measurements for were not obtained. Similarly, the location of the necessary axial and radial positions for the pitot-tube were subject to a similar human error. The fluid in the manometer also contained several air bubbles prior to the experiment; this is a systematic error as it would subsequently affect every manometer dista nce reading. Therefore, it is possible that the results obtained for could consistently higher than expected due to the presence of these air bubbles in the fluid. The final significant error involved in this experiment was the random error associated with the changing position of the static tube. For a set axial and radial positioning of the pitot-static tube, changing the height and geometry of the static tube caused the manometer reading to alter slightly as well. Although efforts were made to maintain the location of this tube, there is still the possibility it could have caused sporadic errors in the results. To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was successful in demonstrating the interactions of a free air jet with an ambient fluid and, subsequently, the effects of the displacement of the pitot-tube on the local velocity along the centreline and throughout the mixing region. The decreasing local velocity as displacement increased was found to be a result of turbulent fluctuations causing entrainment of ambient fluid into the path of the jet. In the experiment, the maximum velocity was found to be around 20ms-1 for a distance of 180mm along the centreline of the jet and the divergence angle was calculated to be 10.1ÂÂ °. These results were useful in introducing the basic structure of an air jet, which comprises of three main regions: the core, the mixing region, and the edge. The slight discrepancy between the measured divergence angle and the universal angle of 11.8ÂÂ ° (9) can be considered due to the inaccuracy in measuring the position of the fluid meniscus in the manometer using a ruler, producing potentially unreliable results. The findings from this experiment are statistically insignificant due to the nature of the apparatus used and the various possible sources of error, both systematic, due to air bubbles present in the manometer fluid, and human, arising from the use of a ruler for distance measurements. However, the experiment was useful in demonstrating the interactions of an air jet with its surroundings, as well as introducing the concept of internal structures within a free air jet. [1] Oxford Dictionaries, Air Jet, [Online]. Available: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/air_jet. [Accessed 24 March 2017]. [2] LearningInfo, Which Animals use Jet Propulsion, [Online]. Available: http://www.learninginfo.org/sandbox/which-animals-use-jet-propulsion.htm. [Accessed 25 March 2017]. [3] W. Grassi, Impinging Jets, 2 February 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.thermopedia.com/content/872/ . [Accessed 24 March 2017]. [4] Wikipedia, Pitot Tube, [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tube. [Accessed 25 March 2017]. [5] Efunda, Pitot Tubes Theory, [Online]. Available: http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/pitot_tubes/pitot_tubes_theory.cfm. [Accessed 26 March 2017]. [6] P. Willits, Guided Flight Discovery Private Pilot, Jeppesen Sanderson, 2004. [7] S. Houston, Pitot Static System, 13 October 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.thebalance.com/aircraft-systems-pitot-static-system-282605. [Accessed 26 March 2017]. [8] I. Gursal, Flow of a Free Air Jet, University of Bath, Bath, 2017. [9] Khan Academy, What is Volume Flow Rate, [Online]. Available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-volume-flow-rate. [Accessed 27 March 2017]. [10] Dartmouth College, Turbulent Jets, [Online]. Available: https://thayer.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/books/EFM/chap9.pdf. [Accessed 24 March 2017]. [11] Anon, Jet, [Online]. Available: https://www.eng.fsu.edu/~shih/succeed/jet/jet.htm. [Accessed 29 March 2017].

James Prescott Joule :: biographies biography bio

James Prescott Joule was born December 24, in 1818. James Joule was born into the wealthy brewing family of Benjamin and Alice Joule. In 1847 James Joule married Amelia Grimes, a daughter of the Liverpool Comptroller of Customs. James Joule and Amelia had three children: Benjamin Arthur (born 1849), Alice Amelia (born 1852) and a son who died in 1854 along with his wife during child birth. In 1843 James Joule read his paper to the British Association, entitled "On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity and on the Mechanical Value of Heat." This paper described the physical constant that showed that heat was a form of energy. This constant is known as "J", or "Joule's Equivalent." The unit of heat, work and internal energy are measured in joules (J). James Prescott Joule died October 11 in 1889. James Joule is buried in Westminster Abbey along with other famous people. Those Who Inspired John Dalton James Joule was tutored as a young boy by John Dalton: John Dalton was a well known Chemist and Physicist. John Dalton was born September 6 in 1766 and died July 27 in 1844. John Dalton is most recognized for his findings, which later is known as "the atomic theory". The atomic theory is the theory of the nature of matter. It states that: "all matter is composed of atoms." Lord Kelvin James Joule worked with Lord Kelvin on experiments, which later became know as the Joule-Thomson Effect: Lord Kelvin was a well known Mathematical Physicist. The well known "Lord Kelvin" born as William Thomson, June 26 in 1824 and later died December 17 in 1907. William Thomson later became the 1st Baron Kelvin, he was known as "Lord Kelvin." Lord Kelvin is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics and Kelvin temperature scale. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius James Joule was inspired by the work of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius: Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was a Physicist and a Mathematician. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was born January 2 in 1822, and died August 24 in 1888. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius introduced the concept of entropy. The Experiments (Known Today as Research) Paddle Wheel Experiment James Joule's Paddle Wheel Experiment determined the existence of a relation between heat and mechanical work. He established this by a method involving the churning water in a calorimeter by means of paddles driven by various falling weights. Through this experiment James Joule established what we call today the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Basic Computer Memory Types Essay

Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is a location within the computer system which is responsible for stacking away data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor. The information stored in RAM is typically loaded from the computer’s hard disk, and includes data related to the operating system and certain applications. When the system is switched off, RAM loses all the stored information. The data remains stored and can be retained only when the system is running. When the RAM gets full, the computer system is more likely to operate at a slow peed. The data can be retrieved in any random order. Generally, there are two types of RAM; namely Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). When many programs are running on the computer simultaneously, the virtual memory allows the computer to search in RAM for memory portions which havent been utilized lately and copy them onto the hard drive. This action frees up RAM space and enables the system to load different programs. Read Only Memory (ROM) This type of memory is active, regardless of whether the system is turned on or is switched off. It is a kind of permanent non-volatile storage memory. As the name ‘read only’ suggests, the contents in it cannot be changed or modified. It is an integrated circuit which is pre-programmed with important data that should necessarily be present for the computer to carry out its normal functionalities. Cache Cache is a kind of RAM which a computer system can access more responsively than it can in regular RAM. The central processing unit looks up in the cache memory before searching in the central memory storage area to determine the information it requires. This rules out the need for the system to search for information in larger and bigger memory storage areas, which in turn leads to a faster extraction of data. Computer Hard Drive These devices are important data storage components that are installed in the CPL]. Their memory ranges widely, and a user may choose the memory depending on the data needed to be stored and accessed. Nowadays, hard drives having a memory capacity of 120 gigabytes to 500 gigabytes are normally used. Flash Memory This is a non-volatile kind of memory which is intended to contribute to portable torage and a convenient transfer of data from one computer to another. The data in it can be erased and re-programmed as per the user’s requirements. It only has a specific number of erase and write cycles that it can withstand, after which it creates a tendency to lose out on the stored information. Memory cards and USB flash drives These are Just the common and main computer memory types which facilitate memory and data storage. However, there are many subtypes which are sorted out according to the memory-related functionalities they perform and the requirements they serve.

WhatisADD essays

WhatisADD essays What exactly is ADD? This is a question that has remained unanswered for a very long time. ADD, also known as attention deficit disorder, has to do with the brain. This disorder was at one time thought to be related to brain damage. Nowadays however, it is actually quite common. It is reported that about 40 percent of the student body of an average school is ADD. Scientists think that this is at least one student per classroom in a ADD has really been recognized over the past twenty years. This is when most of the research about it has been done. When someone has been diagnosed as having ADD it does not mean that they are lazy, stupid, or crazy. It only means that they have a difficult time trying to pay attention to a subject in which they have little or no interest. This is why ADD is usually first noticed in school. Before much research was done, ADD was not even called ADD. It had a different name. It was called Hyperknetics. This was really just a fancy term for saying that a child is easily distracted, and also very hyper. This was back in the days when doctors also thought that Hyperknesis was caused by some sort of brain damage. This was potentially true however; there were a few rare cases in which some brain damage actually occurred in a child. The brain damage only happened naturally, like when the child was being developed. ADD is something that an individual person is born with, and not something that is developed over time. Many Doctors and specialists have discovered over time that there is more than type of ADD. Doctors now recognize three distinct types of ADD, normal ADD, ADHD, and residual ADD. The second, ADHD is normal ADD coupled with a hyperactive tendency. The third type, residual ADD is the type of ADD that most commonly affects older children and adults. Hyperactivity is not usually associated with residual ADD. When it ...

Testing Cell Respiration and Alcoholic Fermentation essays

Testing Cell Respiration and Alcoholic Fermentation essays There will be a measurement of heat generation produced by seedlings during cell respiration. Using a thermometer, the heat of seedlings in a thermos bottle will be calculated over a period of at least 25 minutes in 5-minute increments. Using indicator TTC you will also be able to distinguish viable seeds. Along with studies of cell respiration through temperature readings there will also be investigation of alcoholic fermentation in yeast. A respirometer will be constructed for the ability of recording the effects of yeast concentration on the rate of fermentation. By doing this, the CO2 evolved can be measured over a 20 minute time period. There will be four different tubes filled with four different yeast concentrations for the comparison of rates. The energy yielding metabolism function in which oxygen is used is known as cell respiration. The chemical expression for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields to 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy. Aerobic cell respiration is the metabolic pathway that requires oxygen. An example of this is glucose metabolism, which can be divided into three parts. The first part is glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose and substrate level phosphorylation and the formation of energy products. During glycolysis, glucose enters the pathway and gets phosphorylated by ATP twice. Once it is phosphorylated the glucose splits into tow 3-carbon fuels that are later oxidized by enzymes and phosphorylated. During the substrate-level phosphorylation 4 ATP are produced. However the end products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvate. The second part of glucose metabolism is the citric acid cycle. This is the complete oxidation of glycolytic products to CO2 and H2O. The products that are produced are protons and electrons. With each turn of the cycle there is use of oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate joins with acetyl-CoA and when water enters the coenzyme A is released which forms ...

Okonkwo as a tragic hero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Okonkwo as a tragic hero - Research Paper Example Although Livingstone and Stanley's explorations contributed very little to deepen the Western understanding of the people or the land, they did encourage plenty of speculation and conjecture. It was these made-up ideas that became the foundation of several of the misunderstandings the West has held about Africa since then. Because of the one-sided discussion, Africa emerged as a land of possibility for Western enrichment through the unfettered exploitation of its resources. The West thinks of African people as mostly child-like, capable only of primitive understandings, and only slightly more than bestial in their natural environment. It took several years before native writers, such as Chinua Achebe were able to align Africa’s story with the West in the presentation of Okonkwo as a tragic hero in his story Things Fall Apart (1959). The tragic hero is a frequent character in numerous plays and dramas of the ancient Greeks into the modern day. The character type was present eve n before Aristotle's time, but it was Aristotle who codified the major elements that must be present for a character to be considered a tragic hero although these rules have changed some in the millennia since they were first described. In Aristotle's time, the tragic hero status could only be applied to characters with real potential for tremendous greatness. This meant people who were destined to be kings and princes or others who had some kind of noble claim. According to Zarro, â€Å"the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is ‘better than we are’, in that he is of higher than ordinary moral worth. Such a man is shown as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his hamartia (his ‘effort of judgment’) or, as it is often literally translated, his tragic flaw.† In spite of this nobility, the tragic hero is destined to fail as a result of some tragic flaw inherent in their nature. T his tragic flaw is often associated in some way with their greatest strength and is therefore an aspect of their character that the individual becomes inordinately proud to exercise (Aristotle). As society has progressed, though, and new structures emerged in which wealthy businessmen took the place of kings and princes, the focus of the tragic hero has been less concerned with his noble status than it is with his progression through a three-fold process. According to Vest, heroism today, even tragic heroism, refers more to the actions of the character who embodies many of our ideals regarding what is good and noble in human nature than it is concerned with the birth or earned social status of the character himself. Although Okonkwo is not born a tribal chief, he earns his status as a tribal elder and this modern change in tragic hero definitions allows even the West to recognize his status. Before proving Okonkwo's actions qualify him as a tragic hero, it is necessary to understand what constitutes the progression of a tragic hero. The process of the tragic hero begins when the character commits some act in the excess of their pride that inevitably leads to their downfall (Aristotle). This is the first stage of the tragic cycle. The second stage

Interpersonal Communication Class - Final Paper Essay

Interpersonal Communication Class - Final Paper - Essay Example Culture plays a fundamental role in management and leadership especially in multicultural organizations. Two different approaches have been advanced in exploring the contribution of culture within a working environment. The convergence school of thought asserts that national or institutional culture has no significant influence on the leadership and management practices. The scientists in support of this school of thought argue that management has the same ‘best policies and practice’ that is applicable independent of the institutional and cultural context. The divergence school of thought, on the other hand asserts that best management policies and practices are culturally bounded, hence influenced by cultural and contextual factors. Although globalization has resulted to standardization of best management policies and practices, divergence theory on power distance cannot be overlooked; as confirms organizational literatures and psychology articles. Adler and Bartholemew (1994, p.429) concluded that culture was important management aspect that has the ability to cause a significant difference in the human resource management and organizational behavior. Therefore, it was inevitable to consider cultural aspect in managing human cultural diversity. The differences in the national management practices and the outcomes are indicators of the fact that cultural differences have a substantial influence on the management and leadership. It is on this account of cultural influence on management and leadership practice that this study examines cross-cultural differences with respect to international relationship that exist within the working environment between senior managers and the workforce of the organization. In par ticular, the role of power distance on employee’s participation and horizontal communications are emphasized in many cross-cultural